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          老生常谈——call,apply,bind
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        <blockquote>
<p>本文部分摘录自 <strong>JavaScript官方教程</strong><br>参考地址：<a href="https://wangdoc.com/javascript/oop/this.html#functionprototypebind" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://wangdoc.com/javascript/oop/this.html#functionprototypebind</a>   </p>
</blockquote>
<p>最近接触了 React ，里面的方法需要绑定 <code>this</code> 的指向问题，官方推荐用 <code>bind</code> 进行绑定。所以整理学习了一下老生常谈的问题，JavaScript 的 <code>this</code> 的指向和绑定。</p>
<h2 id="this-关键字"><a href="#this-关键字" class="headerlink" title="this 关键字"></a>this 关键字</h2><p> <code>this</code> 就是属性或方法“当前”所在的对象。不管是什么场合，<code>this</code> 都有一个共同点：它总是返回一个对象。</p>
<p> 在 JavaScript 语言中，一切皆对象，运行环境也是对象，所以函数都是在某个对象之中运行，<code>this</code> 就是函数运行时所在的对象（环境）。这本来不会让用户糊涂，但是 JavaScript 支持运行环境动态切换，也就是说，<code>this</code> 的指向时动态的，没办法事先确定到底指向哪个对象，这才是让人困惑的地方。</p>
 <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">function f() &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  return &#39;姓名：&#39;+ this.name;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">var A &#x3D; &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  name: &#39;张三&#39;,</span><br><span class="line">  describe: f</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">var B &#x3D; &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  name: &#39;李四&#39;,</span><br><span class="line">  describe: f</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">A.describe() &#x2F;&#x2F; &quot;姓名：张三&quot;</span><br><span class="line">B.describe() &#x2F;&#x2F; &quot;姓名：李四&quot;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p> <code>this</code> 使用场合：</p>
<ul>
<li><p>全局环境：全局环境使用 <code>this</code> ，它指向的就是顶层对象 <code>window</code>。</p>
</li>
<li><p>构造函数：构造函数中的 <code>this</code> ，指的就是实例对象。</p>
</li>
<li><p>对象的方法：如果对象的方法里面包含 <code>this</code> , <code>this</code> 的指向就是方法所运行时所在的对象。该方法赋值给另一个对象，就会改变 this 的指向。</p>
<p><code>this</code> 使用注意点：</p>
</li>
<li><p>避免多层 <code>this</code>：由于 <code>this</code> 的指向是不确定的，避免在函数中包含多层 <code>this</code>。</p>
</li>
<li><p>避免数组方法中 <code>this</code>：数组的 <code>map</code> 和 <code>foreach</code> 方法，允许提供一个函数作为参数。这个函数内部不应该使用 <code>this</code>。</p>
</li>
<li><p>避免回调函数中的 <code>this</code>：回调函数中的 <code>this</code> 往往会改变指向，最好避免使用。</p>
<h3 id="绑定-this-的方法"><a href="#绑定-this-的方法" class="headerlink" title="绑定 this 的方法"></a>绑定 this 的方法</h3><p>JavaScript 提供了 <code>call、apply、bind</code> 这三个方法，来切换/固定 <code>this</code> 的指向。</p>
<h4 id="Function-prototype-call"><a href="#Function-prototype-call" class="headerlink" title="Function.prototype.call()"></a>Function.prototype.call()</h4><p>函数实例的 <code>call</code> 方法，可以指定函数内部的 <code>this</code>  指向（即函数执行时所在的作用域），然后在指定的作用域中，调用该函数。</p>
<p><code>call</code> 方法的参数，应该是一个对象。如果参数为 <code>空、null</code> 和 <code>undefined</code> ，则默认传入全局对象。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">var obj &#x3D; &#123;&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">var f &#x3D; function () &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  return this;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">f() &#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D; window &#x2F;&#x2F; true</span><br><span class="line">f.call(obj) &#x3D;&#x3D;&#x3D; obj &#x2F;&#x2F; true</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p><code>call</code> 方法还可以接受多个参数。<code>call</code> 的第一个参数就是 <code>this</code> 所要指向的那个对象，后面的参数则是函数调用时所需的参数。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">func.call(thisValue, arg1, arg2, ...)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">function add(a, b) &#123;</span><br><span class="line">  return a + b;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">add.call(this, 1, 2) &#x2F;&#x2F; 3</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="Function-prototype-apply"><a href="#Function-prototype-apply" class="headerlink" title="Function.prototype.apply()"></a>Function.prototype.apply()</h4><p><code>apply</code> 方法的作用与 <code>call</code> 方法类似，也是改变 <code>this</code> 指向，然后再调用该函数。唯一的区别就是，它接收一个数组作为函数执行时的参数。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">func.apply(thisValue, [arg1, arg2, ...])</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<h4 id="Function-prototype-bind"><a href="#Function-prototype-bind" class="headerlink" title="Function.prototype.bind()"></a>Function.prototype.bind()</h4><p><code>bind</code> 方法用于将函数体内的 <code>this</code> 绑定到某个对象，然后返回一个新函数。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">var d &#x3D; new Date();</span><br><span class="line">d.getTime() &#x2F;&#x2F; 1481869925657</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">var print &#x3D; d.getTime;</span><br><span class="line">print() &#x2F;&#x2F; Uncaught TypeError: this is not a Date object.</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>上面代码中，我们将 <code>d.getTime()</code> 方法赋给变量 <code>print</code>，然后调用 <code>print()</code> 就报错了。这是因为 <code>getTime()</code> 方法内部的 <code>this</code>，绑定 <code>Date</code> 对象的实例，赋给变量 <code>print</code> 以后，内部的 <code>this</code> 已经不指向 <code>Date</code> 对象的实例了。</p>
<p><code>bind()</code> 方法可以解决这个问题。</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">var print &#x3D; d.getTime.bind(d);</span><br><span class="line">print() &#x2F;&#x2F; 1481869925657</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<p>上面代码中，<code>bind()</code> 方法将 <code>getTime()</code> 方法内部的 <code>this</code> 绑定到 <code>d</code> 对象，这时就可以安全地将这个方法赋值给其他变量了。</p>
<p><code>bind()</code> 的作用与 <code>call()</code> 和 <code>apply()</code> 一样，都是可以改变函数运行时上下文，区别是 <code>call()</code> 和 <code>apply()</code> 在调用函数之后会立即执行，而 <code>bind()</code> 方法调用并改变函数运行时上下文后，返回一个新的函数，供我们需要时再调用。</p>
<h3 id="如何选用"><a href="#如何选用" class="headerlink" title="如何选用"></a>如何选用</h3></li>
<li><p>如果不需要关心具体有多少参数被传入函数，选用 <code>apply()</code>；</p>
</li>
<li><p>如果确定函数可接收多少个参数，并且想一目了然表达形参和实参的对应关系，用 <code>call()</code>；</p>
</li>
<li><p>如果我们想要将来再调用方法，不需立即得到函数返回结果，则使用 <code>bind()</code>。</p>
<h3 id="特点总结"><a href="#特点总结" class="headerlink" title="特点总结"></a>特点总结</h3></li>
<li><p><code>call()</code>、<code>apply()</code> 和 <code>bind()</code> 都是用来改变函数执行时的上下文，可借助它们实现继承；</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>call()</code> 和 <code>apply()</code> 唯一区别是参数不一样，<code>call()</code> 是 <code>apply()</code> 的语法糖；</p>
</li>
<li><p><code>bind()</code> 是返回一个新函数，供以后调用，而 <code>apply()</code> 和 <code>call()</code> 是立即调用。</p>
</li>
</ul>

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